Objective(s): Emergence of resistant tumor cells to the current therapeutics is the main hindrance in cancer treatment. Combination therapy, which mixes two or more drugs, is a way to overcome resistant problems of cancer cells to current treatments.  Nanobodies are promising tools in cancer therapy due to their high affinity as well as high penetration to tumor sites....

This study aimed to investigate the effect of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) on primary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and associated mechanism, including role vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Retinas were separated from enucleated eyeballs Sprague–Dawley rats postnatal days 1–4. RGCs harvested using an immunopanning-magnetic separation system maintained for 24 h in a defined med...

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a key mediator of lymphangiogenesis, acting via its receptors VEGF-R2 and VEGF-R3. High expression of VEGF-C in tumors correlates with increased lymphatic vessel density, lymphatic vessel invasion, sentinel lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Recently, we found that in a chemically induced skin carcinoma model, increased VEGF-C drainage fro...

The C-type lectin-like domain of CLEC14a (CLEC14a-C-type lectin-like domain [CTLD]) is a key domain that mediates endothelial cell-cell contacts in angiogenesis. However, the role of CLEC14a-CTLD in pathological angiogenesis has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, through complementarity-determining region grafting, consecutive deglycosylation, and functional isolation, we generated...

A potent VEGF inhibitor with novel antibody architecture and antigen binding mode has been developed. The molecule, hereafter referred to as VEGF dual dAb a (domain antibody), was evaluated in vitro for binding to VEGF and for potency in VEGF driven models and compared with other anti-VEGF biologics that have been used in ocular anti-angiogenic therapeutic regimes. VEGF dual dAb is more potent ...

A single-chain antibody phage display library was constructed from spleen cells of mice immunized with a soluble form of a human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR). After two rounds of biopanning, >90% of the clones recovered were specifically reactive to KDR. Subsequent selection identified two clones that blocked VEGF binding to ...

INTRODUCTION Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is characterized by the induction of highly vascularized new bone formation through an intramembranous process largely devoid of the formation of cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that DO is strictly dependent on vascualrization, we inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity by antibody blockade of both recepto...

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) have crucial roles in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. The VEGF family consists of VEGF-A (generally called VEGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and placental growth factor (PlGF). These peptides show different affinities for VEGFR subtypes. VEGFR exists as three subtypes, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and is struc...

A major obstacle compromising the successful application of many of the new targeted anticancer drugs, including angiogenesis inhibitors, is the empiricism associated with determining an effective biological/therapeutic dose because many of these drugs express optimum therapeutic activity below the maximum tolerated dose, if such a dose can be defined. Hence, surrogate markers are needed to hel...